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Sources & Further Reading

A framework that asks institutions to show their work should show its own. The 6-Pack of Care is an assembly of borrowed parts — a forty-year tradition of care ethics, a fifteen-year literature applying it to machines, and several older ideas from political science, engineering, and design — plus a smaller number of moves that are ours. This page is the reading trail: what each pack took, from whom, and where a reader can check. The book's bibliography and notes are fuller; the entries here are the ones a pack page leans on directly. If we have used your idea without naming you, file an amendment.

Two conventions. Links go to the publisher, the DOI, or a stable archive rather than to summaries. And each entry says in one clause what the framework took from it, because a source cited without a reason is decoration.

The care-ethics foundation

The four phases the care cycle follows — caring about, taking care of, care-giving, and care-receiving — and the four moral elements each demands — attentiveness, responsibility, competence, and responsiveness — are not ours and are not Tronto's alone. They were first set out by Berenice Fisher and Joan Tronto in 1990; Moral Boundaries developed them into a political argument; Caring Democracy added the fifth phase, caring with. We keep the vocabulary because it is precise, and we keep the credit because the tradition earned it.

Care ethics applied to technology — the direct precedent

The 6-Pack's central move — taking Tronto's four phases and their moral elements as a design and evaluation framework for a technology — was made first by Aimee van Wynsberghe, in 2013, for care robots. Her care-centred value-sensitive design asks, for each care practice a machine enters (lifting, bathing, feeding), how attentiveness, responsibility, competence, and responsiveness are manifested with and without it, and by whom; it distinguishes enabling robots, which share a practice with the carer, from replacement robots, which take it over and, on Tronto's terms, "do not meet the requirements of a good carer." Packs 1–4 keep her question and widen the unit of analysis from one artefact in one practice to a deployed system answerable to a room; Pack 3's Apprentice Model is an enabling system by design. The literature around her paper is the field the book's long-term-care work enters.

Pack 1: Attentiveness

Pack 2: Responsibility

Pack 3: Competence

Pack 4: Responsiveness

Pack 5: Solidarity

Pack 6: Symbiosis

The alignment conversation this joins

What is ours

Naming the ancestors makes the additions easier to see. What the book and this site claim as their own: the sixth practice, symbiosis, as a boundary condition on the other five; the Kami as the unit of deployment and the trust-and-sovereignty spectrum for choosing its tier; the engagement contract, the brake, the obligation and override ledgers, and shadow mode read as apprenticeship; the six headline public measures and what each refuses to reward; and the move — which van Wynsberghe's framework did not need to make — from the design of one artefact to the governance of a deployed system in a public room, with the passes AI adds to Tronto's list (complexity, distribution, speed, and community knowledge) named as such.

GlossaryHome

⓪ Audrey Tang and Caroline Emmer De Albuquerque Green. Co-written with jdd-kami, cultivated by Tenzin Yangtso — the GitHub commit log has full authorship details. Illustration by Nicky Case. CC0 (public domain). A research output of the Oxford Institute for Ethics in AI, Accelerator Fellowship Programme.